论孝养义务的伦理基础

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 孝养义务是指成年子女对父母所具有的照料、陪伴及满足合理需求的道德义务。就其伦理基础而言,一种主流的观点是感恩理论,即认为,子女应该孝敬赡养父母是因为父母对子女有生养之恩。然而,这一观点面临诸多挑战。感恩理论总的说来是基于“生养有利论”：把一个人生下来并（或）把这个人抚养长大是有利（benefit）于这个人的。正因为子女从父母那里得了利,而且是很大的利,所以才应该感恩回报父母。针对这一观点的批评来自两个方面。一方面,对于一个婴儿来说,被父母生下来这一事实本身,并不能算是得利。另一方面,感恩义务的来源是超义务的行为,而抚养子女是父母应尽的道德义务。父母仅仅是做了他们应该做的事,子女不需要因此感恩父母。如果,“生”不算是利,“养”又是父母的道德责任而无需被感恩,那么,子女似乎不必对父母具有孝养义务。面对上述挑战,本文尝试对感恩理论进行修正：子女的孝养义务源于父母的抚养之恩,但并不是所有抚养行为都应该被感恩。只有超出抚养义务要求的行为才值得子女感恩,也才是子女孝养义务的来源。

关键词: 孝养义务, 伦理基础, 感恩, 超义务

徐汉辉. 论孝养义务的伦理基础[J]. 伦理学研究, 2019(6): 1-6.

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