机器伦理的来源

伦理学研究 ›› 2021 (1): 103-108.

机器伦理的来源

李楠

出版日期:2021-01-10 发布日期:2021-12-06
作者简介:李楠,首都师范大学哲学系博士后。

Online:2021-01-10 Published:2021-12-06

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目前设计机器伦理系统的主流方案之一是基于规则,然而学界对规则的来源并未达成一致。M. Anderson和S. L. Anderson给出了一种依赖专家直觉的方案,从伦理学家有一致结论的实例中通过归纳逻辑方法提取出规则;Hooker和Kim则对专家直觉提出质疑,建议用康德式的道义论规则来为人工智能主体的行动提供理由。笔者认为两种方案皆有缺陷,进而提倡一种从众的机器伦理规范,这种方法是基于大量普通人行为选择、用机器学习方法构建的模型。对于这种从众的机器伦理,可能有来自实践上和理论上的困难和质疑,但它们都不是严重的和致命的。

关键词: 机器伦理, 专家直觉, 道义论, 机器学习, 人工智能, 可解释性

李楠. 机器伦理的来源[J]. 伦理学研究, 2021(1): 103-108.

参考文献

[1] Wallach,W.,Allen,C.,& Smit I. Machine Morality:Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches for Modelling Human Moral Faculties[J].AI & Society,2018(4).
[2] Ridge,M.,& McKeever,S. Moral Particularism and Moral Generalism[DB/OL].In E. N. Zalta(Ed.),The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy(Winter 2016). Metaphysics Research Lab,Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/moral-particularism-generalism/.2006.
[3] Hooker J. N.,& Kim,T. W. N. Toward Non-Intuition-Based Machine and Artificial Intelligence Ethics[A].In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI,Ethics,and Society,2018.
[4] Anderson,M.,Anderson S. L.,& Berenz,V. A Value-Driven Eldercare Robot:Virtual and Physical Instantiations of a Case-Supported Principle-Based Behavior Paradigm[J].In Proceedings of the IEEE,2019(3).
[5] Anderson S. L.,& Anderson,M. A Prima Facie Duty Approach to Machine Ethics:Machine Learning of Features of Ethical Dilemmas,Prima Facie Duties,and Decision Principles through a Dialogue with Ethicists[A].In S. L. Anderson & M. Anderson(Eds.),Machine Ethics,476—492. Cambridge University Press,2011.
[6] Anderson,M.,& Anderson,S. L. GenEth:A General Ethical Dilemma Analyzer[J].In Paladyn,2018(1).
[7] Liao,B.,Anderson,M.,& Anderson,S. L. Representation,Justification,and Explanation in a Value-driven Agent:an Argumentation-based Approach[J].In AI and Ethics,2020.
[8] Ross W. D.The Right and the Good[M].Oxford University Press,1930.
[9] 梅剑华.洞见还是偏见:实验哲学中的专家辩护问题[J].哲学研究,2018(5).
[10] Schwitzgebel,E. Aiming for Moral Mediocrity[J].Res Philosophica,2019(3).
[11] Kim,R.,Kleiman-Weiner,M.,Abeliuk,A.,Awad,E.,Dsouza,S.,Tenenbaum,J. B.,& Rahwan,I. A Computational Model of Commonsense Moral Decision Making[A].In Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI,Ethics,and Society,2018.
[12] 李楠.先天德性论如何应对情境主义的挑战[J].道德与文明,2015(2).