关键词: 功利主义, 苦乐原理, 最大幸福原理, 行动功利主义, 准则功利主义

Abstract: The elementary factors of Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianismare principles of pleasure and pain, consequentialism, and principles of utility. There aredilemmas among three of them. Bentham do not divide different qualities among pleasures and pains, which ,J. S. Mill thinks, is a mistake and he corrects it. Unfortunately, the revision by Mill exposes the inherent discord between principles of pleasure and pain and consequentialism. Meanwhile, That Mill complements self-sacrifice to principles of utility also exposes contradiction of principlesof utility. What is more, Mill defends the principle of most happiness by appealing to equal right of human being , which exactly indicates that principle of utility is not an ultimate principle. J.J.C. Smart's Utilitarianism of Action exposes the unjust character of utilitarianism. From the above three types of utilitarianism we can draw a conclusion that utilitarianism can not rid off its internally logic dilemma if it only appeal to the principle of utility. Richard B. Brand appeals to the theory of knowledge of action and deontology, and saves utilitarianism from its dilemma.

Key words: utilitarianism, principle of pleasure and pain, the principle of the most happiness, utilitarianism of action utilitarianism of rule